# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> Ipamorelin references — the full cited literature behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links, from the 1998 founding paper to the 2026 reviews.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below.

## About these references

Every numbered citation used across this digest is listed below with its authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link. The list spans the foundational pharmacology, the human pharmacokinetic and clinical-trial data, the mechanistic and safety literature (including studies of related compounds, clearly noted as such in context), and the 2024-2026 reviews and animal studies that this site leads with. Where a citation describes a compound other than ipamorelin — for example the related ghrelin-receptor agonist in the cardiotoxicity study — that distinction is stated wherever the citation appears in the body.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Walker RF. Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046908/
[8] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[9] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[10] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[11] Mosa A, et al. Unacylated ghrelin protects against age-related loss of muscle mass and contractile dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Aging Cell. 2024;23(9):e14323. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39223708/
[12] Mayfield CK, et al. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465251357593
[13] Rahman OF, et al. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. JAAOS Glob Res Rev. 2026. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-25-00236
[14] Mavrych V, et al. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. Front Aging. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2026.1790247
[15] Gouda M, et al. The influence of ghrelin agonist ipamorelin acetate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Reprod Sci. 2024;268:107550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107550
[16] Sigalos JT, Pastuszak AW, Allison A, Khera M, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue treatment in hypogonadal men raises serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1752-1757. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28830317/

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A recent-research reading of the ipamorelin literature — the freshest 2024-2026 studies up front, the lone failed human trial and the missing long-term safety kept in plain sight, and the community reports pinned off to one side as anecdote; no telehealth, no clinic, no prescription, and nothing here dosed or dispensed.